Fig. 3

A) Change in bacterial growth for different strains after nanoparticle treatment compared to the untreated control. The optical density was determined after 24 h of inoculation and incubation in nutritional broth, while the control was left untreated with NPs. B) SA3-NPs caused a significant increase in P. putida growth, as shown under UV illumination, with a 51% increase determined at OD600. Three replicates were considered for each treatment. **Sterile PB: The nutrient broth (10 ml each) supplemented with 100 µL sterile PB Control: Inoculated with bacterial suspensions (100 µL) in sterile PB. **SA3-NPs: Supplemented with SA-NPs (3 ml/L) to achieve a final concentration of 3 ml/L and inoculated with bacterial suspensions (100 µL) in sterile PB. **GAS3-NPs: Supplemented with GAS-NPs (3 ml/L) to achieve a final concentration of 3 ml/L and inoculated with bacterial suspensions (100 µL) in sterile PB. **Three blanks were considered to avoid nanoparticle interference: a blank without NPs, a blank supplemented with SA3-NPs (3 ml/L), and a third supplemented with GAS3-NPs (3 ml/L). Each bacterial inoculated treatment was compared with its corresponding blank