Fig. 2

Effects of LpEVs on the cGAS-STING pathway. IPEC-J2 cells (1 × 10.⁶) were treated with LpEVs at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL for 12 h. A-D Protein levels of cGAS, STING, and P-IRF3 were determined via western blotting. The ratios of cGAS/β-actin, STING/β-actin, and P-IRF3/IRF3 were analyzed via Image Studio Lite. E, F Transcription levels of IFN-α and IFN-β via qPCR. G, H Expression levels of IFN-α and β via ELISA. I-K Transcription levels of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including CXCL10, IFIT2, and ISG15 via qPCR. The results are presented as the means ± SEM of three repeats (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001)