Fig. 6

KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighting major metabolic pathways affected in (A) HC vs. SLE-nonLN and (B) SLE-nonLN vs. SLE-LN comparisons. The y-axis lists the enriched pathways, while the x-axis represents the enrichment factor (ratio of significantly altered metabolites to total metabolites in a given pathway). The bubble size corresponds to the number of enriched metabolites, whereas the color gradient denotes statistical significance, with darker shades indicating higher significance