Fig. 5

Metabolic profile analysis. (A) OPLS-DA score plot demonstrating significant differences in metabolic profiles among groups. (B) Permutation test for model validation. The x-axis represents the correlation coefficient, and the y-axis represents the predictive performance of the model. (C) Volcano plot of differential metabolites. The x-axis denotes the groups, while the y-axis represents the logâ‚‚ fold change of metabolites. Metabolites upregulated in each group are shown in red