Fig. 6

Prophylactic administration of the Bl-cyp and ABA-H modulated immunity and microbiota in mice with colitis. a Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-6, IL-22) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the colon tissues of the control, DSS, Bl-cyp and ABA-H groups. b-c The proportions of Treg (CD45⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺foxp3⁺) cells (b) and Th17 (CD45 + CD4 + IL-17 + foxp3-) cells (c) in murine mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) in the four groups were detected by flow cytometry. Data represent the means ± SD, n = 6–8 per group. Statistical significance was assessed using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test. *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; NS, not significant. d Comparison of the α-diversity of microbial communities in the DSS group with those in the control, ABA-H and Bl-cyp groups by a Sobs index with a nonparametric test. Data represent the means ± SD, n = 3 per group. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; NS, not significant. e Comparison of the β-diversity of microbial communities in the four groups by a PCoA plot with a PERMANOVA analysis. f-g The relative abundance of microbial compositions in the four groups based on barplot analyses at the phylum (f) and genus (g) levels. h The differentially abundant taxa identified from the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores (> 3.6) of the ABA-H (Green) and Bl-cyp (Blue) groups (from phylum to genus), based on the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The yellow frames represent enriched taxa (Bacteroides, Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia) in the ABA-H group