Fig. 4

Prophylactic administration of the Bl-cyp strain more effectively decreased DSS-induced gut microbiota disorder than other strains. a Comparison of the α-diversity of microbial communities in the DSS group with those in the control, Nfb, Bl, Bl-pET28a and Bl-cyp groups, and comparison of those in the Bl-cyp group with those in the Bl-pET28a and Bl groups by the Sobs index using a nonparametric test. b The differentially abundant taxa were determined from the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores (> 3.6) between the DSS (Brown) and Bl (Yellow) groups based on the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The yellow frames represent Bacteroides, Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia among the enriched taxa in the DSS group. c The relative abundance of microbial compositions in the six groups based on the barplot analysis (at the phylum level). d The relative abundance of microbial compositions in the six groups according to a barplot analysis (at the genus level). e Comparison of the β-diversity of microbial communities in the six groups was determined by a PCoA plot with a PERMANOVA analysis. f The ratios of Bacteroidota: Bacillota in the six groups are shown. g The commensal richness and diversity of Bacillota were compared in the six groups using a nonparametric test. h The commensal richness and diversity of Bacteroidota were compared in the six groups using a nonparametric test. i The commensal richness and diversity of Escherichia were compared in the six groups using a nonparametric test. j The commensal richness and diversity of Bacteroides were compared in the six groups with a nonparametric test. Data represent the means ± SD, n = 3 per group. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; NS, not significant. k The numbers of bacteria isolated from the fecal contents of mice with DSS-induced colitis that had been gavaged with cultures of the Bl, Bl-pET28a, or Bl-cyp strain, NS (control or DSS group) or medium (Nfb group)