Fig. 5

Changes in the Relative Abundance of Bacteriophages in the Small Intestine After the Intake of Lp082. a, b α-diversity of gut bacteriophages in the small intestine at different time points. The (a) panel shows the Shannon index, and the (b) panel shows the Simpson index. c Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of the small intestine bacteriophage community between the three-time points in the Con group and the Tre group. Green represents the Con group, and brown represents the Tre group. There is no significant difference among the three-time points in the Con group, while there is a significant difference between D1 and D7 in the Tre group. d, e PCoA1 and PCoA2 of small intestine bacteriophage community structure based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity. f, g Venn diagram showing the number of bacteriophage species with significant differences in the small intestine on D1, D3, and D7. The (f) panel is the Venn diagram of bacteriophage species with significantly different relative abundance at P < 0.01, and the (g) panel is the Venn diagram of bacteriophage species with significantly different relative abundance at P < 0.05. h Heatmap showing the changes in the relative abundance of bacteriophages with significant differences (P < 0.01) between the Con group and the Tre group in the small intestine on D1, D3, and D7. An asterisk (*) indicates bacteriophage species with significant differences on the respective day. i A line plot and linear regression of the relative abundance changes of Lp082 and its bacteriophages, R = 0.55, indicating a positive correlation between the relative abundance of Lp082 and its bacteriophages. j, k The host bacteria corresponding to the bacteriophage with significantly different relative abundance were identified, and TWO strains with significantly different relative abundance were found, including Anaerostipes hadrus and Blautia hansenii. Line plots showing the relative abundance at three-time points were constructed, and linear regression analysis was performed. Each group of bacteria and their bacteriophages exhibited a highly positive correlation