Effects of increasing n3:n6 ratio by replacing extruded soybeans with extruded flaxseed on dry matter intake, rumen fluid bacteria, and liver lipid metabolism in transition cows

Table 1 The ingredients and chemical composition of the close-up and milking cow TMR (DM basis)

DM: Dry matter, CP: Crude protein, NE_L: Net energy of lactation, a calculated value according to NRC (2001), NFC: Non-fibrous carbohydrate, NDF: Neutral detergent fiber, EE: Ether extract, UFA: Unsaturated fat acid, n-6: C18:2n6 (Linoleic acid, LA), n-3: C18:3n3 (α- Linolenic acid, ALA). Dry cow premix: 1 kg of premix included vitamin A 918,750 IU, vitamin D3 253,125 IU, vitamin E 8,066 mg, niacin 6,650 mg, Ca 35 g, P 20 g, Cu 1146 mg, Mn 4248 mg, Zn 5362 mg, I 45 mg, Se 36 mg. Milking cow premix: 1 kg of premix included vitamin A 440,000 IU, vitamin D3 110,000 IU, vitamin E 4000 IU, niacin 400 mg, Ca 152 g, P 41 g, Cu 750 mg, Mn 1140 mg, Zn 2970 mg, I 30 mg, Se 24 mg. DCAD supplement: -107.43 (mEq/kg) = (Na%/0.023 + K%/0.039-Cl%/0.0355-S%/0.016). CON: Control treatment, HN3: High n-3 PUFA treatment

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